Article Information

Author:
Charles S. Wiysonge1

Affiliation:
1Centre for Evidence-based Health Care and Division of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa

Postal address:
Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Room 5014, Teaching Block, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa

How to cite this article:
Wiysonge CS. The importance of systematic reviews in radiology. S Afr J Rad. 2014;18(1); Art. #609, 2 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/
sajr.v18i1.609

Note:
Professor Charles S. Wiysonge is a specialist in systematic reviews, knowledge translation, and vaccinology, and holds an MD from the University of Yaoundé I (Cameroon), an MPhil from the University of Cambridge (UK), and a PhD from the University of Cape Town (South Africa). He is the deputy director of the Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, and full professor in the Division of Community Health, at Stellenbosch University. Professor Wiysonge serves on the World Health Organization (WHO) African Task Force on Immunisation, the Independent Review Committee of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (GAVI), the WHO African Advisory Committee on Health Research and Development, the Executive Committee of the GREAT Network (Guideline‐driven, Research priorities, Evidence synthesis, Application of evidence, and Transfer of knowledge), and other advisory committees.

Copyright Notice:
© 2014. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The importance of systematic reviews in radiology
In This Editorial...
Open Access
Introduction
Acknowledgements
References
Introduction

Mindful of the dangers of making healthcare decisions without reference to trustworthy evidence, a new approach to healthcare delivery was introduced in the late 1970s.1 This approach, referred to as evidence-based medicine or more broadly as evidence-based health care, is defined as ‘the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence’ in making healthcare decisions. 2 Evidence-based health care integrates individual healthcare expertise, patient values and preferences, and the best available research evidence from systematic reviews. See Boxes 1 and 2 for key definitions and resources for evidence-based health care respectively.

Systematic reviews provide a complete picture of the totality of evidence on a given topic.3 In practice, a summary of evidence is considered to be a systematic review if (at a minimum) the authors conducted a literature search that was comprehensive enough to avoid publication, language and indexing biases; report the criteria used for deciding which studies to include in the review; undertook duplicate study selection and data extraction; and combined data from included studies using reliable methods.4

There are numerous examples where failure to prepare timely systematic reviews of existing research evidence resulted in untold and preventable suffering.5,6 In a recent methodological study, Ochodo and colleagues estimated the frequency of over-interpretation or ‘spin’, defined as:

reporting that distorts study results to make interventions look favourable e.g. an overly optimistic abstract, stronger conclusion in abstract, selective reporting of results in abstract, study conclusions based on selected subgroups, and discrepancy between aim and conclusion.7

The authors searched and identified 126 eligible primary diagnostic accuracy studies published between January and June 2010 in PubMed-indexed journals with an impact factor of at least 4. Of these studies, 53 focused on radiological imaging. An analysis of the latter revealed that one-third of the studies contained forms of actual over-interpretation and all contained forms of potential over-interpretation of the diagnostic accuracy of imaging.

In line with this methodological study, I will use two examples to illustrate the importance of systematic reviews in radiology. The first review was conducted by Brealey and colleagues to determine the accuracy of radiographer plain radiograph reporting in clinical practice.8 The authors conducted a comprehensive search of numerous peer-reviewed and grey literature sources for studies conducted between 1971 and October 2002. Twelve studies were included in this review, which revealed that the sensitivity and specificity of radiographers’ reports of plain radiographs were 93% and 98% respectively, against a reference standard. The subgroup of studies that focused on accident and emergency settings found no evidence of a difference in reporting accuracy between selectively trained radiographers and radiologists of varying seniority, compared to a reference standard. The authors concluded that flexible teamwork between different professions as to who reports plain radiographs should be promoted. The second example is a comprehensive review of the effectiveness of several radiological techniques in diagnosing occult inguinal hernias, published in 2013.9 The authors included 23 studies published since 1950, and found that herniography has a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 83%, ultrasound a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 77%, and computed tomography a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 65% in detecting occult inguinal hernias. The implications of this review for clinical practice, in settings where all three techniques are available, are that herniography should be the initial investigation for occult inguinal hernia. In settings where herniography is not available, ultrasound of the groin should be used, with consideration of computed tomography only in the presence of persistent diagnostic uncertainty.

BOX 1: Key definitions in evidence-based health care.

BOX 2: Resources for evidence-based health care.

As illustrated by these systematic reviews, professional good intentions and plausible theories are inadequate criteria for selecting interventions to promote, restore, maintain, protect or monitor the health of human populations. As Iain Chalmers said:

Humility and uncertainty are preconditions for unbiased assessments of the effects of the prescriptions and proscriptions of policy makers and practitioners for other people. We will serve the public more responsibly and ethically when research designed to reduce the likelihood that we will be misled by bias and the play of chance has become an expected element of professional and policymaking practice, not an optional add-on.10

Universal adoption of systematic reviews in radiology and other healthcare disciplines will ensure that patients benefit from health research and that healthcare resources are used efficiently. Systematic reviews provide a means for decision makers (including policy makers, programme managers and clinicians) to access all available evidence on key questions in a judicious manner11 as well as identify areas where there are knowledge gaps, thus assisting researchers and research funders in setting priorities for new studies12. Systematic reviews help to increase value and reduce waste in research priority-setting. Therefore:

research funders and regulators should demand that proposals for additional primary research are justified by systematic reviews showing what is already known, and increase funding for the required syntheses of existing evidence.13

However, an investigation of the current research landscape paints a dismal picture of how limited research resources continue to be wasted on unnecessary research and needless confusion continues to persist from failure to set new studies in the context of systematic reviews.13,14 But, every cloud has a silver lining. This could be a golden opportunity for radiologists in South Africa to provide leadership in increasing value and decreasing waste in health research, through routine use of systematic reviews when making healthcare decisions and designing new studies. The ball is in your court – shall you make or mar?

Acknowledgements

The author acknowledges Prof. Taryn Young for critical comments on an earlier version of this manuscript.

References

1. Chalmers I, Hedges LV, Cooper H. A brief history of research synthesis. Eval Health Prof. 2002; 25:12–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163278702025001003

2. Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA, Haynes RB, Richardson WS. Evidence based medicine: What it is and what it isn’t. BMJ. 1996;312:71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7023.71

3. Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D, Stroup DF. Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: The QUOROM statement. Quality of reporting of meta-analyses. Lancet. 1999;354:1896–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04149-5

4. Shea BJ, Grimshaw JM, Wells GA, et al. Development of AMSTAR: A measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007;7:10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-7-10

5. Murphy C, Hahn S, Volmink J. Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution for treating cholera. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(4):CD003754.

6. Wiysonge CS, Bradley H, Mayosi BM, et al. Beta-blockers for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD002003.

7. Ochodo EA, De Haan MC, Reitsma JB, Hooft L, Bossuyt PM, Leeflang MM. Overinterpretation and misreporting of diagnostic accuracy studies: Evidence of ‘spin’. Radiology. 2013;267:581–588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12120527

8. Brealey S, Scally A, Hahn S, Thomas N, Godfrey C, Coomarasamy A. Accuracy of radiographer plain radiograph reporting in clinical practice: A meta‐analysis. Clin Radiol. 2005;60:232–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2004.07.012

9. Robinson A, Light D, Kasim A, Nice C. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the role of radiology in the diagnosis of occult inguinal hernia. Surg Endosc. 2013;27:11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00464-012-2412-3

10. Chalmers I. Trying to do more good than harm in policy and practice: The role of rigorous, transparent, up-to-date evaluations. Ann Am Acad Polit Soc Sci. 2003;589:22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716203254762

11. Wiysonge CS, Volmink J. Strengthening research capacity. Lancet. 2002;359:713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07798-X

12. Wiysonge CS, Lavis JN, Volmink J. Make the money work for health in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet 2009;373:1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60685-1

13. Chalmers I, Bracken MB, Djulbegovic B, et al. How to increase value and reduce waste when research priorities are set. Lancet. 2014;383:156–165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62229-1

14. Robinson KA, Goodman SN. A systematic examination of the citation of prior research in reports of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-154-1-201101040-00007



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