For years, the technological limitations inherent in CT imaging of the thorax meant that the heart was an ill-defined and largely ignored ‘space-filler’ between the lungs. With the advent of multi-detector CT scanning (MDCT) in the late 1990s, and shortened imaging times, it has now become possible to clearly identify cardiac structures and pathology. Motion-free cardiac images require synchronisation of image acquisition with the cardiac cycle (cardiac ‘gating’ or ‘triggering’). However, significant information can often be gleaned from careful scrutiny of ungated chest CT images, which may then direct further imaging or investigation.

In the following examples, we review 5 cases demonstrating interesting cardiac findings identified on non-cardiac scans.

Case 1

History

A 26-year-old woman presented to her referring physician with a history of abdominal pain, generalised swelling and bloating. Her facial swelling was reported to be worse in the mornings, with subsequent improvement during the course of the day. She volunteered a history of congenital rubella. On examination, no ascites, hepatomegaly or peripheral oedema was identified. Her blood results showed normal liver function with bilirubin 8 µmol/l, ALT 29 units/litre, AST 32 units/litre and ALP 92 units/litre. Her albumin, however, was slightly decreased at 26 g/l. An abdominal CT scan was ordered to assess her symptoms.

Imaging

Abdominal CT scan demonstrated a mildly enlarged liver with dilated hepatic veins, dilated inferior vena cava (Fig. 1a), and diffuse heterogeneous enhancement following administration of intravenous iodinated contrast medium (CM) (Fig. 1b) − all in keeping with hepatic venous congestion.

Limited images of the chest demonstrated pericardial thickening and calcification adjacent to the right ventricle (Fig. 1c). This raised the possibility of constrictive pericarditis, and a cardiac MRI was requested. This demonstrated small ventricles with relative bi-atrial enlargement (Fig. 1d). The pericardial thickening seen on the CT scan was confirmed on the MRI scan (Fig. 1d). The cine images demonstrated ‘septal bounce’ in keeping with constrictive physiology. The patient had invasive measurement of cardiac pressures which confirmed a constrictive physiology.

Fig. 1. Axial post contrast-enhanced CT scans of the abdomen in a 26-year-old woman with a history of abdominal pain, generalised swelling and bloating. (a ) CT scan through the upper abdomen demonstrates dilated inferior vena cava (arrow) and hepatic veins (arrow heads). (b) CT scan through the upper liver demonstrates a mildly enlarged liver with diffuse heterogeneous enhancement in keeping with hepatic venous congestion. (c) Post contrast images through the lower chest on abdominal CT scan demonstrate some pericardial thickening with foci of pericardial calcification adjacent to the basal right ventricle and atrio-ventricular groove (arrow).(d) The four-chamber cine steady-state free precession (SSFP) cardiac MRI image demonstrates biatrial enlargement with small biventricular volumes. Pericardial thickening is also noted adjacent to the atrio-ventricular groove (arrow). Bilateral pleural effusions are also seen (LA = left atrium; RA = right atrium).

Diagnosis

Pericardial thickening and calcification with a restrictive physiology was the diagnosis. The pericardial thickening and calcifications were most likely due to previous pericarditis. It is possible that the patient might have developed this as a consequence of her rubella infection,1 although it would be unusual for her to present with symptoms so long after a congenital infection. It is more probable that her presentation resulted from a recent episode of subclinical pericarditis that resulted in pericardial calcification.

Teaching point

The normal pericardium measures less than 2 - 3 mm. Pericardial thickening >4 mm together with clinical features of predominantly right-sided cardiac failure are suggestive of constrictive physiology. While CT can be particularly useful in assessing pericardium thickness and calcifications, MRI is used to distinguish between constrictive pericardial disease and restrictive myocarditis.2 Septal bounce can be demonstrated on free breathing cine MRI images in patients with constrictive physiology, which distinguish it from restrictive cardiomyopathy. Note, however, that although pericardial constriction and restrictive cardiomyopathy are very different pathologies, they give rise to a final common physiological appearance of impaired diastolic ventricular filling – so-called ‘restrictive filling pattern’ or ‘restrictive physiology’. Hence, even pericardial constriction presents with a restrictive physiology: a source of much diagnostic confusion and a reason why CT and MRI are so valuable.

Case 2

History

A 63-year-old man was referred to our department for follow-up after right upper and middle lobe lobectomy for lung cancer. Clinically, he was stable with no new symptoms. He volunteered a history of 3 myocardial infarctions after triple coronary bypass surgery in 1993.

Imaging

The transaxial images from thoracic MDCT demonstrated an aneurysm in the proximal (Fig. 2a) and distal aspects (Fig. 2b) of the saphenous venous graft to the right coronary artery (RCA), with mural thrombi in both aneurysms.

Fig. 2. Post contrast-enhanced chest CT scan in a 63-year-old man followed up post lobectomy for lung carcinoma. (a) Transaxial CT image at the level of the aortic valve demonstrates an eccentric mural thombus within an aneurysm of the proximal saphenous vein to right coronary artery graft (arrow) (Ao = aortic root; LA = left atrium). (b) Transaxial CT image to the left of the distal saphenous vein right coronary artery graft demonstrates concentric mural thrombus within a second aneurysm at the implantation site of the graft (arrow).

Diagnosis

Saphenous vein graft aneurysms were diagnosed. Although the distal aneurysm was closely related to the suture line, the proximal aneurysm was distal to the suture line. Both were felt to represent true aneurysms. Owing to the patient’s underlying medical conditions, it was decided to treat these aneurysms with percutaneous deployment of Amplatzer vascular plugs despite the associated risk of myocardial infarction.

Teaching point

Saphenous vein graft aneurysms are a rare complication of coronary bypass surgery and can be divided into true and pseudo-aneurysms. Pseudo-aneurysms are associated with technical complications at the suture line or infections. The distinction is academic as surgical resection and revascularisation are the preferred treatment for both.3

Case 3

History

A 67-year-old man was admitted to an outlying hospital with a late presentation of an anterior ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. At the time of admission, an attempted percutaneous coronary intervention was unsuccessful. Three days later, he was transferred to the ICU at our hospital with severe hypoxaemia and a clinical presentation suggestive of septic shock. A chest CT was requested to rule out pulmonary embolism or pneumonia.

Imaging

Thoracic MDCT demonstrated an area of hypoperfusion in the inter-ventricular septum (Fig. 3a), suggesting an area of infarction, and a muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD) apical and inferior to this (Fig. 3b). Bilateral basal atelectasis was noted with no evidence for pulmonary embolism.

Fig. 3. Post contrast chest CT scan in a 67-year-old man performed to rule out pulmonary embolism or pneumonia. (a) Transaxial CT image at the level of the interventricular septum demonstrates hypoperfusion of the mid-distal septum (arrow) in comparison with the basal septum (*). (b)Transaxial CT image at the level of the inferior septum demonstrates a large defect in the muscular portion of the septum (arrow). (LV = left ventricle; RV = right ventricle.)

Diagnosis

Postmyocardial infarction ventricular septal defect was diagnosed. The patient had a myocardial infarction involving the muscular portion of the inter-ventricular septum complicated by a VSD. Myocardial perfusion isotope studies and stress perfusion cardiac MRI are often used to determine the extent of myocardial ischaemia and scarring in patients with ischaemic heart disease. It is less well appreciated that myocardial infarction can also be seen on even ungated MDCT as a region of myocardial hypoperfusion.

Teaching point

Ventricular septal rupture after myocardial infarction is a rare complication with a reported incidence of 1 - 2%.4 Rupture occurs 3 - 5 days after the myocardial infarction and the patient presents with sudden deterioration, new onset cardiac murmur, congestive heart failure, and often in cardiogenic shock. Treatment is initial stabilisation with inotropes and often an intra-aortic balloon pump with subsequent surgical closure of the defect. There are, however, a few small case series reported in the literature where transcatheter closure of these defects has been successfully performed.5